Social performance management can only be effective if it responds to the constantly changing political, social, cultural and economic characteristics of the Area of Influence. Social Performance Review and Planning, therefore, includes collection and analysis of relevant baseline data.

Every five years, sites are required to review existing baseline data and comprehensively refresh/update (parts of) the data as needed so that the data remains relevant, useful, and recent (ideally, not older than five years). A more frequent refresh/update may be needed as a result of significant changes in the LoAP or site activities, and/or in socio-economic characteristics of the Area of Influence.

A list of baseline data topics that all sites should review is included in Tools (see 2.4 Tools). Mandatory topics include legal and regulatory requirements; land and natural resource use; political and governance context; population and demographics; personal and political security; public services and infrastructure; cultural heritage; and stakeholder perceptions (see Section 3A). For screened-in topics listed in Section 4 (see 2.2 Task 1) specific and additional baseline data may be required, which is detailed in the relevant chapter in Section 4.

Box 2.4 summarises the elements that should be considered in the external context review.

BOX 2.4 Summary of external context review

External context	Historical context Legal and [regulatory] requirements Land and natural resource use Political and governance context Population and demographics Cultural heritage Personal and political security Stakeholder perceptions Public services and infrastructure  Health Education Economy and livelihoods

The type of baseline information required, including granularity and scope, depends on the site. A scoping exercise should be undertaken to establish the required scope, method and resources required for data collection, as well as information already available. Information collected should be relevant to the site and be able to inform the site’s decisions, plans, activities, control measures, and/or track relevant trends. The type of baseline data collected, and its level of detail, also depends on the type of potential social and human rights impacts and risks in the site’s Area of Influence, and therefore may change over time. Expert review of the baseline data collection method and scope is advised.

Baseline data typically consist of a combination of qualitative, quantitative, and spatial data from secondary, and where secondary data does not suffice, primary sources. Collecting baseline data can be a time-consuming and resource-intensive process. Sites should consider the required scale, detail and disaggregation of data required to allow risks and potential impacts to be adequately assessed and to compare with future monitoring in the Area of Influence.

Secondary data collection is desk-based and involves the collection of existing qualitative and quantitative data. Useful secondary data sources include: previous studies and assessments (e.g. EIA, SIA ); local government information and statistics; national government information and statistics; local and international NGOs; media, UN and World Bank reports, etc.

Primary data collection must consider gender, age, ethnic, religious, etc. differences. Data collection strategies should be developed to consider data collection from different marginalised or vulnerable groups, allowing accurate information on all groups to be collected. There are several ways to collect primary data, including through:

• household surveys, which allow for quantitative data collection at the household and/or individual level using questionnaires.
• focus-group discussion, which allows for quantitative and/or qualitative data collection from talking to specific population groups. This may include livelihood or wealth ranking, community mapping, and/or Venn diagram development.
• key informant interviews, which allows for quantitative and/or qualitative data collection from specific individuals around a specific topic.

To assess potential cumulative impacts, baseline data should include relevant current and proposed projects and activities within the Area of Influence but not directly connected to the site.

Baseline data should be disaggregated by community and not just reflect the regional or national level, particularly where community characteristics are different. Where possible, local data should be compared to data aggregated to regional or national level to identify any variations. Baseline data must be accurate, factual and not based on opinions, though anecdotal evidence can be useful for understanding stakeholder perceptions on certain topics.

Baseline data does not have to be captured in long, text-based reports. There is significant value in maintaining an electronic database or data management system so that data trends, different combinations of relevant data, and other statistics can be easily assessed. GIS mapping should be used to represent data spatially wherever possible. Charts, graphs and infographics can also be used to interpret results and communicate findings. Any data limitations or uncertainties should be noted.

The external context review also includes a systemic vulnerability assessment (see 2.2 Task 5).

BOX 2.5 Outsourcing

Collecting baseline data can be a time-consuming, resource-intensive and technically complex process requiring specialist skills. It usually involves some degree of outsourcing to consultants.

Where sites have identified gaps in their baseline data, they should consider commissioning consultants to carry out or support the work to collect new or additional data. Section 1 provides more detail on the use of consultants in social performance management.

Where external consultants are used and primary data is collected, sites must make sure that sites own the data collected and that the data is made available in a usable format.

BOX 2.6 Data protection

Any personal data must be managed in accordance with the Anglo American Group Data Protection Policy. Data must be processed:

• Appropriately: only process data when we have a lawful reason to do so; take extra care with very sensitive data; recognise and respect the rights of the people (data subjects) whose information we hold.
• Transparently: we must tell individuals when we are collecting their data and what we are going to do with it; we can only use personal data for the purpose it was intended. If we want to use it for something else then we need to go back to the ‘data subject’ and tell them.
• Securely: We must protect personal data from harm, whether accidental or malicious loss, destruction, damage and unauthorised disclosure. If there is a breach then we must act quickly, and report it to [email protected] We must not share personal data with anyone, unless this is deemed necessary. If it is, we must make sure the person or organisation we are sharing it with will give it the same protection we do. If it is with an external party a data sharing agreement may be needed.
• Responsibly: We must only collect and use the personal data we need. If it does not help to achieve our intended business objective, then it is off limits. We must make sure the personal data we process is accurate and kept up-to-date. We cannot keep hold of personal data forever. We can only store and process it for as long as it is required and then delete it.